Exhibit 689

Lobbying and Policy Change: Who Wins, Who Loses, and Why (synopsis)

Exhibit 689 · Book synopsis

The authors find that resources explain less than five percent of the difference between successful and unsuccessful efforts.

Book not read; synopsis from the authors' site. Based on 98 issues.

Source: Baumgartner, Berry, Hojnacki, Kimball and Leech, University of Chicago Press (authors' project page)
Date: 2009
Quoted from: Synopsis
Grade: Peer-reviewed
Document: https://fbaum.unc.edu/books/lobby/lobbying-synopsis.htm
Accessed: 2026-11-10
Cited by: Findings citing this exhibit

Cited by

Finding POL-1.14: Peer-reviewed Baumgartner and coauthors studied 98 issues, found that 60 percent of lobbying campaigns failed to change policy, and report that resources explain less than 5 percent of the difference between successful and unsuccessful efforts.
Finding POL-2.13: Peer-reviewed Baumgartner and colleagues studied 98 issues drawn from interviews with registered lobbyists and report that 60 percent of lobbying campaigns failed to change policy. Measured resources explain less than 5 percent of the difference between successful and unsuccessful efforts.