The Subsidy Map

Exhibit 647 · Dataset query

Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, data files, September 3, 2026 release (government payments by program, 1933 to 2026 forecast)

Source: ERS Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, file FarmIncomeWealthStatisticsData_September2026.csv in the 3 September 2026 release (zip SHA-256 90df42fe47981e9b6291ec7c3589603a544c1408b26b3b2d8c7fe8046b4bf245), run 9 November 2026. Query: State US; all series whose key begins GPAUS (government payments), net farm income (FIAUSNTFI--P), federal crop insurance indemnities (FRAUSMIINIFP) and cash receipts (CRAUS*); nominal dollars, $1,000 units; 2026 is a forecast. Result: total direct government payments of $27.89 billion in 2025 and a forecast $47.36 billion in 2026; $10.09 billion in 2024; payments were 7.9 percent of net farm income in 2024 and 29.9 percent in the 2026 forecast. In 2026 dollars, 2020 ($57.5 billion) is higher than the 2026 forecast ($47.4 billion). Market Facilitation Program payments: $5.13 billion (2018), $14.20 billion (2019), $3.78 billion (2020). Direct payments (decoupled) ranged from $4.29 billion to $6.70 billion a year in 2003 to 2013 and were about zero from 2014. Cash receipts, 2024: all crops $246.3 billion; fruit/nut plus vegetable lines $57.6 billion (23.4 percent; 20.5 percent in 2023 and 18.4 percent in 2022); corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice, sorghum, peanuts, barley and oats $137.1 billion (55.7 percent; 59.6 percent in 2023 and 62.7 percent in 2022). Shares and real-dollar conversions are the project's arithmetic on the file's own deflator column.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

3 September 2026

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29517/september-3-2026-release.zip

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

Sums and ratios are the project's arithmetic; program-year timing follows ERS (payments recorded when received).

Exhibit 648 · Agency presentation

Webinar Transcript: Farm Income and Financial Forecasts, September 2026 Update

However, most of the forecast increase in government payments in 2026 is expected to come from Farm Bill commodity programs, where payments are triggered by lower prices or revenue.

ERS staff explain the September 2026 forecast: direct government payments forecast to rise $19.5 billion in 2026, with ARC and PLC payments of about $15 billion under the 2025 reconciliation law's higher reference prices, and ad hoc programs (Farmer Bridge Assistance, Assistance for Specialty Crop Farmers, American Relief Act of 2025 payments). ERS also reports net insurance payments and direct payments relative to net farm income: net income less these payments is forecast to fall $34 billion, or 26 percent, from 2025 to 2026.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

3 September 2026

Quoted from

Transcript p. 5

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2026_09_03%20Webinar%20Transcript_Farm%20Income.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 653 · GAO report

Farm Programs: Direct Payments Should Be Reconsidered (GAO-12-640)

in 2011, the top 25 percent of payment recipients received 73 percent of direct payments

From 2003 through 2011 USDA made more than $46 billion in direct payments, fixed annual payments based on historical crop production. Cumulatively $10.6 billion, almost one-fourth, went to producers who did not grow the associated crop in a given year, which program rules allowed. In 2011 the top 25 percent of recipients received 73 percent. USDA agreed with two recommendations and disagreed with two.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

July 2012

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-12-640.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 647 · Dataset query

Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, data files, September 3, 2026 release (government payments by program, 1933 to 2026 forecast)

Source: ERS Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, file FarmIncomeWealthStatisticsData_September2026.csv in the 3 September 2026 release (zip SHA-256 90df42fe47981e9b6291ec7c3589603a544c1408b26b3b2d8c7fe8046b4bf245), run 9 November 2026. Query: State US; all series whose key begins GPAUS (government payments), net farm income (FIAUSNTFI--P), federal crop insurance indemnities (FRAUSMIINIFP) and cash receipts (CRAUS*); nominal dollars, $1,000 units; 2026 is a forecast. Result: total direct government payments of $27.89 billion in 2025 and a forecast $47.36 billion in 2026; $10.09 billion in 2024; payments were 7.9 percent of net farm income in 2024 and 29.9 percent in the 2026 forecast. In 2026 dollars, 2020 ($57.5 billion) is higher than the 2026 forecast ($47.4 billion). Market Facilitation Program payments: $5.13 billion (2018), $14.20 billion (2019), $3.78 billion (2020). Direct payments (decoupled) ranged from $4.29 billion to $6.70 billion a year in 2003 to 2013 and were about zero from 2014. Cash receipts, 2024: all crops $246.3 billion; fruit/nut plus vegetable lines $57.6 billion (23.4 percent; 20.5 percent in 2023 and 18.4 percent in 2022); corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice, sorghum, peanuts, barley and oats $137.1 billion (55.7 percent; 59.6 percent in 2023 and 62.7 percent in 2022). Shares and real-dollar conversions are the project's arithmetic on the file's own deflator column.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

3 September 2026

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29517/september-3-2026-release.zip

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

Sums and ratios are the project's arithmetic; program-year timing follows ERS (payments recorded when received).

Exhibit 671 · Peer-reviewed article

Farm Policy and Obesity in the United States (Choices 25(3))

We show that U.S. farm subsidies have had generally modest and mixed effects on prices and quantities of farm commodities, with negligible effects on the prices paid by consumers for food and thus negligible influence on dietary patterns and obesity.

The economists examine whether farm subsidies lowered consumer food prices and raised calorie intake. They find subsidies had modest and mixed effects on commodity prices and negligible effects on consumer prices, and attribute the growth of high fructose corn syrup to sugar import policy more than to corn subsidies. Funding stated in the article: a USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant and a USDA Economic Research Service cooperative agreement.

Source

J. M. Alston, B. J. Rickard and A. M. Okrent (UC Davis, Cornell, USDA Economic Research Service), published by the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association

Date

Third quarter 2010

Quoted from

Abstract paragraph, p. 1

Grade

Peer-reviewed

Document

https://www.choicesmagazine.org/UserFiles/file/article_138.pdf

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Note

J. Agric. Econ.

Exhibit 651 · GAO report

Crop Insurance: Update on Opportunities to Reduce Program Costs (GAO-24-106086)

In 2022, subsidies averaged about 62 percent of policyholders’ premiums and totaled $12 billion

In 2022 the federal crop insurance program cost $17.3 billion. The government paid insurance companies about $3.7 billion to deliver it ($2.2 billion in administrative and operating subsidies and $1.5 billion in underwriting gains). From 2011 through 2022 the companies' return on retained premiums averaged 16.8 percent against a market-based 10.2 percent. Premium subsidies averaged about 62 percent of premiums and totaled $12 billion. Of 460,615 policyholders, 1,341 (0.3 percent) had adjusted gross incomes of $900,000 or more and accounted for 0.5 percent of premiums; a 15-point subsidy cut for them would have saved about $15 million. USDA had no comments on the report.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

November 2023

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 3 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/d24106086.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 650 · Dataset query

RMA Summary of Business, nationwide by commodity: premium, subsidy and indemnity, crop years 2022 to 2024

Source: RMA 'Commodity Year Statistics, Nationwide Summary, By Commodity' for crop years 2022, 2023 and 2024 (crop2022.pdf, crop2023.pdf, crop2024.pdf), all 'As of: November 9, 2026'. Query: the 'CropTotal' row of every commodity (113 names in 2024), subsidy column summed by group. Result for 2024: total premium $14.08 billion, subsidy $8.89 billion (63 percent). Nine program crops (corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, rice, grain sorghum, peanuts, barley, oats) received $7.50 billion (84.3 percent of subsidy; liability $118.8 billion); fruit, vegetable and tree-nut lines received $0.64 billion (7.2 percent; liability $18.8 billion). The program-crop share of subsidy was 87.9 percent in 2022 and 86.1 percent in 2023; the fruit, vegetable and tree-nut share 5.1 and 5.9 percent. The grouping is the project's name-pattern classification (coffee and mint lines fall in the fruit and vegetable group; under $2 million). Premium subsidy follows insured liability, which follows crop value and acreage.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency (Federal Crop Insurance Corporation)

Date

9 November 2026 (as-of date of the tables)

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://pubfs-rma.fpac.usda.gov/pub/sob/current_week/crop2024.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

PDF copies and the parsing scripts are held privately; the as-of date means later tables may differ.

Exhibit 651 · GAO report

Crop Insurance: Update on Opportunities to Reduce Program Costs (GAO-24-106086)

In 2022, subsidies averaged about 62 percent of policyholders’ premiums and totaled $12 billion

In 2022 the federal crop insurance program cost $17.3 billion. The government paid insurance companies about $3.7 billion to deliver it ($2.2 billion in administrative and operating subsidies and $1.5 billion in underwriting gains). From 2011 through 2022 the companies' return on retained premiums averaged 16.8 percent against a market-based 10.2 percent. Premium subsidies averaged about 62 percent of premiums and totaled $12 billion. Of 460,615 policyholders, 1,341 (0.3 percent) had adjusted gross incomes of $900,000 or more and accounted for 0.5 percent of premiums; a 15-point subsidy cut for them would have saved about $15 million. USDA had no comments on the report.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

November 2023

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 3 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/d24106086.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 649 · Dataset query

FSA farm program payment files (Name/Address and Payment), payments dated January to December 2025: recipient distribution

Source: eleven Excel files for payment year 2025 (for example state al-id.foia_.na_.pmt25.final_.dt25365.xlsx), downloaded 9 November 2026. Fields: payee name and address, disbursement amount, payment date, accounting program code and description, program year; no customer number. Query: all 4,063,479 payment lines in all states and territories, summed by payee (name, street address, ZIP). Result: $24.386 billion to 1,030,230 payees with positive net receipts; mean $23,671, median $4,866. The top 10 percent of payees (at least $58,929 each) received 64.2 percent of dollars; the top 1 percent (at least $270,885) received 20.3 percent; the bottom 50 percent received 3.6 percent. For ARC and PLC alone ($2.12 billion, 313,603 payees) the top 10 percent received 65.0 percent; for the Emergency Commodity Assistance Program ($9.36 billion, 578,815 payees) 54.8 percent. Payees are not farms: an operation paid under several names or addresses is counted separately, and pass-through entities are not looked through, so concentration among operations is understated. The FSA file total ($24.39 billion) does not equal ERS's calendar-2025 direct payments ($27.89 billion); the difference is not reconciled.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency

Date

2025 payments; files posted February 2026

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.fsa.usda.gov/tools/informational/freedom-information-act-foia/electronic-reading-room/frequently-requested/payment-files

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

Individuals' names are not recorded in project notes and are not to be published; only aggregates.

Exhibit 667 · Agency report

The Evolving Distribution of Payments From Commodity, Conservation, and Federal Crop Insurance Programs (Economic Information Bulletin 184)

Government payments and Federal crop insurance reduce income volatility for commercial farms.

ERS (McFadden and Hoppe) states that the programs aim to mitigate financial risks of farmers and that payments have shifted to larger farms and higher-income households as production consolidated. Farms with at least $1 million in gross cash farm income received nearly 11 percent of commodity program payments in 1991 and 34 percent in 2015, shifts ERS describes as similar to the shifts in production value. Commodity programs were 89 percent of commodity, conservation and crop insurance support in 1999 and 43 percent in 2015. Peer reviewed within ERS.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

November 2017

Quoted from

p. 10 (PDF p. 16)

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://ers.usda.gov/media/8844/eib-184.pdf

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Exhibit 653 · GAO report

Farm Programs: Direct Payments Should Be Reconsidered (GAO-12-640)

in 2011, the top 25 percent of payment recipients received 73 percent of direct payments

From 2003 through 2011 USDA made more than $46 billion in direct payments, fixed annual payments based on historical crop production. Cumulatively $10.6 billion, almost one-fourth, went to producers who did not grow the associated crop in a given year, which program rules allowed. In 2011 the top 25 percent of recipients received 73 percent. USDA agreed with two recommendations and disagreed with two.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

July 2012

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-12-640.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 662 · CRS report

U.S. Farm Programs: Eligibility and Payment Limits (CRS R46248)

Also, benefits from crop insurance premium subsidies and indemnity payments on loss claims are not subject to any limits.

Explains actively engaged in farming, AGI limits and per-person payment limits. A family farm may qualify for multiple payment limits (a worked example reaches 12 limits and $1.5 million), a partnership's limit equals the single-person limit times its qualifying members, and marketing-loan benefits, crop insurance premium subsidies and indemnities are outside payment limits.

Source

Congressional Research Service

Date

7 December 2020 (first issued 3 March 2020)

Quoted from

Section 'Selected Farm Programs Without Payment Limits'

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R46248.html

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Exhibit 657 · GAO report

Farm Programs: Information on Payments (GAO-18-384R)

Being actively engaged in farming is not required for numerous USDA program benefits. For example, being actively engaged in farming is not required for payments made through USDA’s conservation and disaster assistance programs or for participation in USDA’s federal crop insurance program.

Describes the actively engaged in farming test and the $125,000 per-member limit under the 2014 farm bill, and states which programs are outside the test: conservation, disaster assistance and federal crop insurance.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

18 May 2018 (reissued 5 June 2018)

Quoted from

Footnote 2, p. 1

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/700/691864.pdf

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Exhibit 654 · GAO report

Farm Program Payments: USDA Needs to Strengthen Regulations and Oversight to Better Ensure Recipients Do Not Circumvent Payment Limitations (GAO-04-407)

about 99 percent of payment recipients asserted they met eligibility requirements through active personal management

USDA's rules set no measurable standard for a significant contribution of active personal management. Of $17 billion in 2001 payments, $5.9 billion went to about 140,000 entities, and general partnerships received 45 percent of entity payments. For about one-half of operations reviewed, field offices did not use available tools to check active engagement. USDA agreed to act on most recommendations and said its regulations were sufficient for determining active engagement.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

April 2004

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-04-407.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 655 · GAO report

Farm Programs: Changes Are Needed to Eligibility Requirements for Being Actively Involved in Farming (GAO-13-781)

FSA regulations allow farming operation members to make contributions of management without visiting the operation

FSA compliance reviews are hindered by a broad and subjective definition of active personal management, which can be met by performing one of eight services. FSA completed on time about 24 percent of its 2009 reviews and 14 percent of its 2010 reviews. FSA said it would not change the definition without direction from Congress and concurred with the recommendation to monitor reviews.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

September 2013

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-13-781.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 656 · GAO report

Farm Programs: USDA Has Improved Its Completion of Eligibility Compliance Reviews, but Additional Oversight Is Needed (GAO-21-95)

USDA did not systematically monitor its performance of compliance reviews

FSA improved completion of 2015 and 2016 compliance reviews but did not systematically monitor them. Of 27 review records examined, six included interviews. Payments that required recipients to be actively engaged in farming totaled $8.4 billion, $7.4 billion and $3.1 billion for crop years 2015 to 2017. USDA generally agreed with five recommendations.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

October 2020

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/720/710495.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 652 · GAO report

Crop Insurance: Savings Would Result from Program Changes and Greater Use of Data Mining (GAO-12-256)

would have saved up to $1 billion in crop insurance program costs in 2011

A $40,000 limit on premium subsidies per farmer, as for other farm programs, would have saved up to $1 billion in 2011 and affected up to 3.9 percent of participating farmers, who accounted for about one-third of premium subsidies. A 10-point cut for all farmers would have saved about $1.2 billion. USDA did not agree that Congress should consider limiting premium subsidies; GAO said limits remain appropriate when farm income is at a record high.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

March 2012

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-12-256.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 650 · Dataset query

RMA Summary of Business, nationwide by commodity: premium, subsidy and indemnity, crop years 2022 to 2024

Source: RMA 'Commodity Year Statistics, Nationwide Summary, By Commodity' for crop years 2022, 2023 and 2024 (crop2022.pdf, crop2023.pdf, crop2024.pdf), all 'As of: November 9, 2026'. Query: the 'CropTotal' row of every commodity (113 names in 2024), subsidy column summed by group. Result for 2024: total premium $14.08 billion, subsidy $8.89 billion (63 percent). Nine program crops (corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, rice, grain sorghum, peanuts, barley, oats) received $7.50 billion (84.3 percent of subsidy; liability $118.8 billion); fruit, vegetable and tree-nut lines received $0.64 billion (7.2 percent; liability $18.8 billion). The program-crop share of subsidy was 87.9 percent in 2022 and 86.1 percent in 2023; the fruit, vegetable and tree-nut share 5.1 and 5.9 percent. The grouping is the project's name-pattern classification (coffee and mint lines fall in the fruit and vegetable group; under $2 million). Premium subsidy follows insured liability, which follows crop value and acreage.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency (Federal Crop Insurance Corporation)

Date

9 November 2026 (as-of date of the tables)

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://pubfs-rma.fpac.usda.gov/pub/sob/current_week/crop2024.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

Cited by

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Note

PDF copies and the parsing scripts are held privately; the as-of date means later tables may differ.

Exhibit 647 · Dataset query

Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, data files, September 3, 2026 release (government payments by program, 1933 to 2026 forecast)

Source: ERS Farm Income and Wealth Statistics, file FarmIncomeWealthStatisticsData_September2026.csv in the 3 September 2026 release (zip SHA-256 90df42fe47981e9b6291ec7c3589603a544c1408b26b3b2d8c7fe8046b4bf245), run 9 November 2026. Query: State US; all series whose key begins GPAUS (government payments), net farm income (FIAUSNTFI--P), federal crop insurance indemnities (FRAUSMIINIFP) and cash receipts (CRAUS*); nominal dollars, $1,000 units; 2026 is a forecast. Result: total direct government payments of $27.89 billion in 2025 and a forecast $47.36 billion in 2026; $10.09 billion in 2024; payments were 7.9 percent of net farm income in 2024 and 29.9 percent in the 2026 forecast. In 2026 dollars, 2020 ($57.5 billion) is higher than the 2026 forecast ($47.4 billion). Market Facilitation Program payments: $5.13 billion (2018), $14.20 billion (2019), $3.78 billion (2020). Direct payments (decoupled) ranged from $4.29 billion to $6.70 billion a year in 2003 to 2013 and were about zero from 2014. Cash receipts, 2024: all crops $246.3 billion; fruit/nut plus vegetable lines $57.6 billion (23.4 percent; 20.5 percent in 2023 and 18.4 percent in 2022); corn, soybeans, wheat, cotton, rice, sorghum, peanuts, barley and oats $137.1 billion (55.7 percent; 59.6 percent in 2023 and 62.7 percent in 2022). Shares and real-dollar conversions are the project's arithmetic on the file's own deflator column.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

3 September 2026

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.ers.usda.gov/media/29517/september-3-2026-release.zip

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

Sums and ratios are the project's arithmetic; program-year timing follows ERS (payments recorded when received).

Exhibit 670 · Agency report

2021 PLC, ARC-CO, ARC-IC payments by state and by commodity (as of 25 April 2023)

Table 2 lists 2021 payments on its commodity lines, total $344,305,808: barley, canola, chickpeas, corn, crambe, flaxseed, lentils, mustard, oats, peanuts, dry peas, rapeseed, rice, safflower, seed cotton, sesame, sorghum, soybeans, sunflower and wheat. No fruit or vegetable appears.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency

Date

25 April 2023

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.fsa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2021_arc_plc_payments_2023_0504.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 658 · GAO report

USDA Market Facilitation Program: Information on Payments for 2019 (GAO-20-700R)

MFP payments for 2019 were about $14.4 billion

2019 MFP payments were $14,368,406,309 to 643,965 farming operations (870,427 individuals), an average of $22,312 per operation. Nonspecialty crops received about $13.5 billion (94 percent), specialty crops about $274 million (2 percent), dairy and hogs about $566 million (4 percent). The 2019 program doubled the payment limit to $250,000 per commodity type and up to $500,000 per person, producing about $519 million in additional payments. The 25 operations with the highest payments received about $37 million. Rates ranged from 56.3 percent of projected price (sorghum) to 1.1 percent (dairy).

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

21 August 2020

Quoted from

p. 3 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/709030.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 668 · Agency web page

Farmer Bridge Assistance (FBA) Program

USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) is providing $11 billion through a one-time bridge payment to American farmers with an additional $1 billion available for additional commodities.

FSA is providing $11 billion in a one-time bridge payment, with $1 billion more for additional commodities, as a bridge until the 2025 reconciliation law's benefits are available, under the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act. Payments follow 2025 reported acres, ERS cost of production and WASDE; the limit is $155,000 per producer and producers with average AGI above $900,000 are ineligible. The page does not mention tariffs.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency

Date

2026 (application closed 17 April 2026)

Quoted from

'What It Is'

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.fsa.usda.gov/resources/income-support/farmer-bridge-assistance-fba-program

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 669 · Agency web page

Assistance for Specialty Crop Farmers (ASCF) Program

USDA’s Farm Service Agency (FSA) is providing $1.625 billion through a one-time bridge payment for specialty crops not covered through the previously announced Farm Bridge Assistance (FBA) program.

FSA is providing $1.625 billion through a one-time bridge payment for specialty crops not covered by the Farmer Bridge Assistance program, based on reported 2025 planted acres, under the Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Service Agency

Date

2026

Quoted from

'What It Is'

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.fsa.usda.gov/ascf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 661 · Audit report

Market Facilitation Program, Audit Report 03601-0003-31

We did not identify any issues regarding producer eligibility and certifications, except for issues with certified production and acreage amounts, which affected payment accuracy.

USDA announced trade-mitigation packages of up to $12 billion (24 July 2018) and up to an additional $16 billion (23 May 2019). Across 2018 and 2019 FSA distributed over $23 billion to more than 715,000 producers of 38 commodities ($8.65 billion for 2018 and $14.53 billion for 2019 as of 23 August 2021). OIG found no eligibility issues apart from certified production and acreage, and estimated FSA overpaid 150,313 producers by a total of more than $57.2 million (95 percent interval $24.3 million to $119.7 million). FSA concurred with all four recommendations.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General

Date

9 March 2022

Quoted from

p. 4 of the report (PDF p. 11)

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://usdaoig.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/reports/2025-08/03601-0003-31FR508FOIA.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 659 · GAO report

USDA Market Facilitation Program: Oversight of Future Supplemental Assistance to Farmers Could Be Improved (GAO-22-104259)

FSA also paid $163.4 million (0.7 percent) to 883 high-income farms and 1,164 farmers with adjusted gross incomes (AGI) over $900,000 per year.

MFP made payments totaling $23 billion for 2018 and 2019. Historically underserved farmers received $818.9 million (3.6 percent). FSA paid $163.4 million (0.7 percent) to 883 high-income farms and 1,164 farmers with adjusted gross incomes over $900,000; applicants above the cap were eligible if at least 75 percent of income came from farming, ranching or forestry. FSA's review of 2018 payments was limited in usefulness, and FSA discontinued its 2019 compliance review. FSA generally agreed with four recommendations.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

January 2022

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104259.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 658 · GAO report

USDA Market Facilitation Program: Information on Payments for 2019 (GAO-20-700R)

MFP payments for 2019 were about $14.4 billion

2019 MFP payments were $14,368,406,309 to 643,965 farming operations (870,427 individuals), an average of $22,312 per operation. Nonspecialty crops received about $13.5 billion (94 percent), specialty crops about $274 million (2 percent), dairy and hogs about $566 million (4 percent). The 2019 program doubled the payment limit to $250,000 per commodity type and up to $500,000 per person, producing about $519 million in additional payments. The 25 operations with the highest payments received about $37 million. Rates ranged from 56.3 percent of projected price (sorghum) to 1.1 percent (dairy).

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

21 August 2020

Quoted from

p. 3 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/710/709030.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 660 · GAO report

USDA Market Facilitation Program: Stronger Adherence to Quality Guidelines Would Improve Future Economic Analyses (GAO-22-468)

total 2019 MFP payments to corn producers were approximately $3 billion more than USDA’s estimate of trade damage to corn

USDA's trade-damage baselines for 2019 MFP were not representative and not transparently documented. County-based payment rates paid producers of the same crop differently by county, and total payments to a crop differed from USDA's own damage estimate.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

2022

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 3 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-468.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 659 · GAO report

USDA Market Facilitation Program: Oversight of Future Supplemental Assistance to Farmers Could Be Improved (GAO-22-104259)

FSA also paid $163.4 million (0.7 percent) to 883 high-income farms and 1,164 farmers with adjusted gross incomes (AGI) over $900,000 per year.

MFP made payments totaling $23 billion for 2018 and 2019. Historically underserved farmers received $818.9 million (3.6 percent). FSA paid $163.4 million (0.7 percent) to 883 high-income farms and 1,164 farmers with adjusted gross incomes over $900,000; applicants above the cap were eligible if at least 75 percent of income came from farming, ranching or forestry. FSA's review of 2018 payments was limited in usefulness, and FSA discontinued its 2019 compliance review. FSA generally agreed with four recommendations.

Source

U.S. Government Accountability Office

Date

January 2022

Quoted from

Highlights, p. 2 of PDF

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-22-104259.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 661 · Audit report

Market Facilitation Program, Audit Report 03601-0003-31

We did not identify any issues regarding producer eligibility and certifications, except for issues with certified production and acreage amounts, which affected payment accuracy.

USDA announced trade-mitigation packages of up to $12 billion (24 July 2018) and up to an additional $16 billion (23 May 2019). Across 2018 and 2019 FSA distributed over $23 billion to more than 715,000 producers of 38 commodities ($8.65 billion for 2018 and $14.53 billion for 2019 as of 23 August 2021). OIG found no eligibility issues apart from certified production and acreage, and estimated FSA overpaid 150,313 producers by a total of more than $57.2 million (95 percent interval $24.3 million to $119.7 million). FSA concurred with all four recommendations.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Inspector General

Date

9 March 2022

Quoted from

p. 4 of the report (PDF p. 11)

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://usdaoig.oversight.gov/sites/default/files/reports/2025-08/03601-0003-31FR508FOIA.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 666 · Statute

Public Law 119-21 (H.R. 1), Title I, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (sections 10101 to 10607)

For the 2025 crop year and each crop year thereafter, the Secretary shall annually adjust the amounts described in subsections (b) and (c) for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers

Sec. 10301 sets new statutory reference prices from crop year 2025 (for example corn $4.10 a bushel, soybeans $10.00, wheat $6.35) and raises the effective reference price from 85 to 88 percent. Sec. 10302 allocates up to 30,000,000 additional base acres. Sec. 10306 extends partnership treatment to S corporations and limited liability companies as 'qualified pass-through entities'. Sec. 10307 raises the payment limit from $125,000 to $155,000 and indexes it to inflation. Sec. 10308 lifts the $900,000 adjusted gross income limit for operations with at least 75 percent of income from farming, ranching or silviculture activities for certain payments. Sec. 10502 raises the premium subsidy for area-based coverage from 65 to 80 percent and sec. 10504 raises premium support at five coverage tiers. Subtitle A changes SNAP (secs. 10101 to 10108).

Source

U.S. Congress (139 Stat. 72)

Date

4 July 2025

Quoted from

Sec. 10307, 139 Stat. 92

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-119publ21/html/PLAW-119publ21.htm

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 665 · CRS report

The Farm Bill After FY2025 Budget Reconciliation: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R48775)

Raising reference prices increases the likelihood that payments are triggered and increases the size of such payments.

Reports CBO's estimate that Title I of P.L. 119-21 reduces federal outlays by $121 billion over FY2025 to FY2034: nutrition changes reduce outlays by $187 billion and other agriculture subtitles add a net $66 billion. States that the law raised reference prices.

Source

Congressional Research Service

Date

2025

Quoted from

Section on the reconciliation law's effects

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48775.html

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 648 · Agency presentation

Webinar Transcript: Farm Income and Financial Forecasts, September 2026 Update

However, most of the forecast increase in government payments in 2026 is expected to come from Farm Bill commodity programs, where payments are triggered by lower prices or revenue.

ERS staff explain the September 2026 forecast: direct government payments forecast to rise $19.5 billion in 2026, with ARC and PLC payments of about $15 billion under the 2025 reconciliation law's higher reference prices, and ad hoc programs (Farmer Bridge Assistance, Assistance for Specialty Crop Farmers, American Relief Act of 2025 payments). ERS also reports net insurance payments and direct payments relative to net farm income: net income less these payments is forecast to fall $34 billion, or 26 percent, from 2025 to 2026.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

3 September 2026

Quoted from

Transcript p. 5

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2026_09_03%20Webinar%20Transcript_Farm%20Income.pdf

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2026-11-09

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Exhibit 665 · CRS report

The Farm Bill After FY2025 Budget Reconciliation: Frequently Asked Questions (CRS R48775)

Raising reference prices increases the likelihood that payments are triggered and increases the size of such payments.

Reports CBO's estimate that Title I of P.L. 119-21 reduces federal outlays by $121 billion over FY2025 to FY2034: nutrition changes reduce outlays by $187 billion and other agriculture subtitles add a net $66 billion. States that the law raised reference prices.

Source

Congressional Research Service

Date

2025

Quoted from

Section on the reconciliation law's effects

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/R48775.html

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 663 · CRS In Focus

Farm Bill Primer: Budget Dynamics (CRS IF12233)

CRS estimates that the 2026 baseline for all farm bill titles is $1.374 trillion over 10 years (FY2027-FY2036)

Table 1 gives the February 2026 baseline by title for FY2027 to FY2036, in millions: Commodities 142,625; Conservation 73,004; Trade 8,280; Nutrition 985,379; Research 3,510; Energy 535; Horticulture 2,440; Crop Insurance 155,539; Miscellaneous 2,248; total 1,373,560. Comparison with the January 2025 table shows nutrition down about $132.0 billion and commodities up about $75.1 billion; CRS says the changes reflect both reconciliation and new economic conditions.

Source

Congressional Research Service

Date

1 June 2026

Quoted from

Text above Figure 1

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/2026-06-01_IF12233_527a1727591f6861a9e9b180c7c032ba9580b6e1.html

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 664 · CRS In Focus

Farm Bill Primer: SNAP and Nutrition Title Programs (CRS IF12255)

the Nutrition title makes up approximately 72% of farm bill mandatory spending

Describes the nutrition title and SNAP, which is authorized as open-ended mandatory spending. Table 1 lists SNAP at $103.955 billion (FY2026 funding) with 42.38 million participants in an average month in FY2025. In FY2025, 93 percent of SNAP spending was for benefits.

Source

Congressional Research Service

Date

15 April 2026

Quoted from

Section 'Funding'

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/IF12255.html

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 666 · Statute

Public Law 119-21 (H.R. 1), Title I, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry (sections 10101 to 10607)

For the 2025 crop year and each crop year thereafter, the Secretary shall annually adjust the amounts described in subsections (b) and (c) for inflation based on the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers

Sec. 10301 sets new statutory reference prices from crop year 2025 (for example corn $4.10 a bushel, soybeans $10.00, wheat $6.35) and raises the effective reference price from 85 to 88 percent. Sec. 10302 allocates up to 30,000,000 additional base acres. Sec. 10306 extends partnership treatment to S corporations and limited liability companies as 'qualified pass-through entities'. Sec. 10307 raises the payment limit from $125,000 to $155,000 and indexes it to inflation. Sec. 10308 lifts the $900,000 adjusted gross income limit for operations with at least 75 percent of income from farming, ranching or silviculture activities for certain payments. Sec. 10502 raises the premium subsidy for area-based coverage from 65 to 80 percent and sec. 10504 raises premium support at five coverage tiers. Subtitle A changes SNAP (secs. 10101 to 10108).

Source

U.S. Congress (139 Stat. 72)

Date

4 July 2025

Quoted from

Sec. 10307, 139 Stat. 92

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-119publ21/html/PLAW-119publ21.htm

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Exhibit 671 · Peer-reviewed article

Farm Policy and Obesity in the United States (Choices 25(3))

We show that U.S. farm subsidies have had generally modest and mixed effects on prices and quantities of farm commodities, with negligible effects on the prices paid by consumers for food and thus negligible influence on dietary patterns and obesity.

The economists examine whether farm subsidies lowered consumer food prices and raised calorie intake. They find subsidies had modest and mixed effects on commodity prices and negligible effects on consumer prices, and attribute the growth of high fructose corn syrup to sugar import policy more than to corn subsidies. Funding stated in the article: a USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture grant and a USDA Economic Research Service cooperative agreement.

Source

J. M. Alston, B. J. Rickard and A. M. Okrent (UC Davis, Cornell, USDA Economic Research Service), published by the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association

Date

Third quarter 2010

Quoted from

Abstract paragraph, p. 1

Grade

Peer-reviewed

Document

https://www.choicesmagazine.org/UserFiles/file/article_138.pdf

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

J. Agric. Econ.

Exhibit 672 · Agency web page

Food Dollar: Summary Findings (2024 data)

The farm share was 11.8 cents per dollar spent by U.S. consumers on domestically produced food in 2024.

The Food Dollar's marketing bill divides consumer food spending into a farm share and a marketing share. The 2024 farm share was 11.8 cents of each dollar spent on domestically produced food; the update broadened the definition of food to include bottled water, soft drinks, coffee and tea, which lowered the 2024 farm share from 12.3 to 11.8 cents.

Source

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service

Date

2026 update (2024 data)

Quoted from

'The Marketing Bill'

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/food-dollar/summary-findings

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Note

Used for the steelman that commodity cost is a small part of retail price.

Exhibit 673 · Dataset query

Lobbying Disclosure Act query: quarterly reports with the phrase 'farm bill' in a lobbying activity description, 2018 and 2024 to 2025

Source: Lobbying Disclosure Act database, lda.gov API (the older lda.senate.gov address showed a maintenance page), run 9 November 2026. Query: for filing_year 2018, 2024 and 2025 and each filing_type Q1 to Q4 (original quarterly reports, so amendments are excluded), filing_specific_lobbying_issues matching the phrase "farm bill", every page returned; the API returns one row per matching activity line, so rows were de-duplicated by filing_uuid and the phrase was re-checked in each retained activity description. Result: 2,087 reports from 716 clients through 477 registrants in 2018; 3,285 reports from 1,003 clients through 602 registrants in 2024; 2,450 reports from 746 clients through 446 registrants in 2025. Limiting to activity lines coded AGR (Agriculture) that contain the phrase: 1,597 reports and 534 clients in 2018, 2,558 reports and 772 clients in 2024, 1,980 reports and 608 clients in 2025. Dollar figures in a filing (income for outside firms, expenses for in-house filers) cover all of a client's issues, so no farm bill total can be read from them. The query covers every filer whose report contains the phrase, whatever its industry or leaning; it does not identify which side of any farm bill provision a client lobbied.

Source

U.S. Congress (Lobbying Disclosure Act database, lda.gov)

Date

2026-11-09

Grade

Primary record

Document

https://lda.gov/api/v1/filings/

Accessed

2026-11-09

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Findings citing this exhibit

Note

Totals are the project's aggregation; the filing-level income or expenses figure covers all of a client's issues, not the farm bill alone.