Exhibit 1097

Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom

Exhibit 1097 · Peer-reviewed article

Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom

Fact-checking has a significantly positive overall influence on political beliefs (d = 0.29), but the effects gradually weaken when using “truth scales,” refuting only parts of a claim, and fact-checking campaign-related statements.

Meta-analysis (k = 30, N = 20,963). Fact-checking has a significantly positive overall effect on political beliefs (d = 0.29), weaker with truth scales, partial refutations and campaign statements, and substantially attenuated by preexisting beliefs, ideology and knowledge.

Source: Walter, Cohen, Holbert and Morag, Political Communication 37(3):350-375
Date: 2020
Quoted from: Abstract
Grade: Peer-reviewed
Document: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2019.1668894
Accessed: 2026-11-10
Cited by: Findings citing this exhibit
Note: Quote read in the abstract as served by the OpenAlex API; confirm against the publisher page before publication.

Cited by

Finding INF-5.11: Peer-reviewed A 2020 meta-analysis of 30 studies (N = 20,963) found a significantly positive overall effect of fact-checking on political beliefs (d = 0.29) that weakens with truth scales, partial refutations and campaign statements. A second 2020 meta-analysis of 32 studies (N = 6,527) found that on average correction "does not entirely eliminate the effect of misinformation."