Exhibit 1187 ยท Academic book (primary theory text)
Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States
The presence of the exit alternative can therefore tend to atrophy the development of the art of voice.
Defines exit (customers or members leave) and voice (they complain to management or others) as the two ways decline reaches an organization, and argues that an available exit option can weaken voice. Full book read in a scan hosted on a Ugandan university library server (copyright status unclear); the Internet Archive record is borrow-only.
- Source
- Albert O. Hirschman, Harvard University Press
- Date
- 1970
- Quoted from
- Ch. 3, p. 43. Exit and voice defined in ch. 1, pp. 3-4.
- Grade
- Peer-reviewed
- Document
- https://archive.org/details/exitvoiceloyalty0000hirs
- Accessed
- 2026-11-10
- Cited by
- Findings citing this exhibit
- Note
- Standing note: robust as a framework, mostly illustrative evidence (Hirschman's own examples). Criticized as loosely operationalized; later empirical work (e.g., schools, unions) is mixed. State as a mechanism and name the conditions (cost of leaving, loyalty).