Exhibit 1100

Fake Claims of Fake News: Political Misinformation, Warnings, and the Tainted Truth Effect

Exhibit 1100 · Peer-reviewed article

Fake Claims of Fake News: Political Misinformation, Warnings, and the Tainted Truth Effect

However, when informative news is wrongly labeled as inaccurate, these false warnings reduce the news’ credibility.

Experiments on retrospective misinformation warnings. Valid warnings help people discard erroneous information, though weakly; when accurate news is wrongly labeled inaccurate, the false warning reduces its credibility.

Source: Freeze, Baumgartner, Bruno, Gunderson and others, Political Behavior 43(4):1433-1465
Date: 2021
Quoted from: Abstract
Grade: Peer-reviewed
Document: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09597-3
Accessed: 2026-11-10
Cited by: Findings citing this exhibit
Note: Quote read in the abstract as served by the OpenAlex API; confirm against the publisher page before publication.

Cited by

Finding INF-5.12: Peer-reviewed Two experiments (n = 5,271 and n = 1,568) found that false headlines without warnings were seen as more accurate when other headlines carried warnings, and a later study found that wrongly labeling accurate news as inaccurate reduced its credibility. In two online experiments (N = 150 and N = 802), items labeled "conspiracy theories" were judged no less likely than the same items labeled "ideas."